Russia and China against UN’s draft resolution for Syria

As Syria is replacing Iran’s title of ‘North Korea in the Mediterranean’, the country witnesses 11 month crackdown with the death of 5400 civilians. The highly awaited meeting of UN’s Security Council in New York went as expected. Both China and Russia stated that they would veto against the Moroccan authored draft resolution, if accepted by the Security Council. Nabil Elaraby, the Secretary General of Arab League along with Sheikh Thani, the PM of Qatar have been quite vocal against Syria.

The current resolution gives 15 days to Assad for handing over the power to his deputy Farouk al Shaara, who is currently the vice president of the country. He has served as a Syrian Foreign Minister from 1984-2006. He is known for playing an important role in maintaining Syria’s relationship with Lebanon and Israel. Last July, Farouk held government meetings, speaking about the transition to a truly pluralistic democratic state.

Meanwhile, an Israeli newspaper Maariv has stated that farouk arrived in Moscow in December to discuss the possibility of providing political asylum to Bashar al- Assad and his family.

Arab League’s smart act

In a quite smart and diplomatic act, Arab League sent a 165 member mission to Syria. These international monitors revealed that 400 people have died since their deployment. These numbers created further chaos and blemished the image of Assad. The League still has 100 members in Syria, as an act to show the western world how they do care for the civilians in Syria but sadly, can not play an integral role in stopping the deaths. Hence, nothing is going to work apart from the draft resolution of the Security Council.

But is this a cunning step to turn Syria into another LIbya. The ‘Right to Protect’ Act was twisted by NATO in the Resolution 1973 which was passed by UN last year. The resolution was meant to protect the civilians and not to cause regime change, which eventually, it did. Both Russia and China, who had not been very vocal during the time of Libya, regretted their cowardice. They not only faced heavy economical losses but even the wide perception that their foreign policies and opinions do not matter in the western hegemony.

Russia and China’s support

Its not only communism which is common in both the countries. One must remember Stalin and how he butchered his own men before the Second World War. Also, one must not forget the Tianmen Protests in China in 1989, killing hundreds of protestors.

The same lineage can be scrutinised in Hama Massacre that took place in Syria when the then President Hafez killed thousands of Sunni Muslim protestors against his regime.

Perhaps, the Syrian tyranny gives power to both Russia and China.

The paranoia and sense of madness continues. Especially, if its the deciding point of elections. Both Russia and China are going to have elections this year. Vladimir Puntin, running for the Presidential elections has been criticising Medvedev for being a neutral spectator during Libya.

Also, Russia has its naval base at the port city of Tartus. Its the only passage for Russia to the Mediterranean. The Russian- Syrian trade relations value $4 billion dollars while the Chinese Syrian trade amounts to more than $1.8 dollars.

Russia has been selling fighter jets, anti-ship cruise missiles and fighters to Syria right from the start of Cold War.

China started its diplomatic relations with Syria from 1956 and continues to maintain it.

All of this can be seen as a subtle polarizing of the world into two political power associations.

Anti-Imperialism or For Sovereignity

The entire Arab uprising, creating chaotic dominoes effect, has become a struggle between foreign intervention and protection of a country’s own sovereignty. America continues with a soft power approach but ultimately its strong on ‘You are with us or against us’ principle.

One must know that Syria is also different from Libya from  a very interesting angle. In Libya, it was Gadaffi and the rebels. While, in Syria, it is Bashar al Assad, the rebels and a catalysing population of religious extremists and terrorists who are also involved in killing innocent civilians. Its difficult to say who trains them. There are rumours that western countries are training them, especially France in Lebanon and Turkey so that they can revolt against the government.

Hence, its a million dollar question if Assad would actually resign or might become another Gadaffi for Syria.

25th January Anniversary of Egypt: No room for shame in politics

‘Shame is a revolutionary sentiment’ said Karl Marx.

As 25th January approaches again and an Islamic majority Lower House runs in Egyptian Parliament, few protesters feel ashamed at the outcomes of year long spectacle.

Adopting the subtle yet concrete orientalist point of view, the New York Times has stated how the majority of Muslim Brotherhood and Salafists would harm Israel. Though, I am still awaiting the opinion piece from Thomas Friedman who has been called even more closer friend of Israel.

Gone are the days of Anwar Sadat and Mubarak when the 6-Day-War and domination for Sinai Peninsula and Suez Canal were the mere aims for the patriotic Egyptians.The fights of today are based of simple yet difficult to render, demands. Its employment, medical aid, standard of living, tourism, sanity of mind.

Max Rodenbeck called Cairo -‘the Victorious city’ which always rises from it ashes.

But then what amuses me is the involvement of ‘Shame’.

Is it because the concept of western imported bureaucracy and democracy is not being implemented in Egypt or is it because of Islamophobia?

Alex de Tocqueville states ‘It is not always when things go from bad to worse that a revolution breaks out. It often happens that when people who have out up with an oppressive rule over a long period without revolt suddenly find the government relaxing the pressure, they takes up arms against it. Thus, the social order overthrown by a revolution is always better than the one preceding it.

He also states, ” A grievance comes to appear intolerable once the possibility of removing it crosses the men’s minds.”

One can easily see the words of Frantz Fanon, the author of Wretched of the Earth coming true in the case of Egypt.

He states how when a colonial power implants its colonies and domination in the so-called-uncivilized nations of the world, a very interesting dynamics takes place. When the consciousness and revolution strikes the natives, they revolt. Most often, they start by fighting against themselves. Because, in each, they see the imprint of their colonial master and his ruthlessness. Facing this fact is having the courage of embracing one’s own reflection in the mirror.

The Egyptian Presidential elections would take place in late June. El Baradei has already withdrawn. The dramatic nuisance was more to show how he disliked SCAF and did not think that real democracy is working out.

Well, this is something similar to the case of Pakistan, too. Perhaps, we might find Imran Khan or Gilani trying  to complain with the same words by next year.

But one needs to understand that the results of the elections would not be reflected immediately. It would take time. Long time.

Let liberal and secular Islamists rule their country for sometime. Though, I have been quite critical of Muslim Brotherhood for sometime, its high time we do give them a chance.

And perhaps, obliterate the word ‘shame’ from the dictionary. No human spirit deserves it and especially after a revolution like this, the results would not let the country down.

Would Muslim Brotherhood form ‘Islamic Republic of Egypt’ ?

With Muslim Brotherhood sweeping the majority of seats in the current Egyptian elections, it makes one question if democracy has just progressed to become a choice between two unpleasant options. In terms of philosophical logic, nothing but a ‘Morton’s fork.’ Is the entire narrative of the Arab unrest just a false dilemma, reducing the entire Middle Eastern world into an unending battle of good versus the evil, or is there more to it, than what meets the eye?

‘Past of Muslim Brotherhood’

In the past 20 years, around 45,000 members of Muslim Brotherhood have been jailed in Egypt alone. Demonstrations, Islamic teachings, conspiracies against the dictators, altercation with the governing body- all led to their doomsday. Though, often, these dissidents did get released, yet eventually leading to their even more organised and established network in their history that dates to more than 80 years. Eventually, the ousting of Mubarak proved to be their gain. No longer they had to be underground or limit themselves into silence. Ready to plunge and play the safest bet, MB’s Freedom and Justice Party is all geared up to make the right move.

“Salafists Vs Muslim Brotherhood’

But what remains a big debate is- Would they convert Egypt into the “Islamic Republic of Egypt? MB is known for their aversion against Israel and Palestine. It is feared that they would manipulate the foreign policy of the new democratic state into abhorrence towards these two conflict prone countries. Last Friday, more than 5,000 protesters supporting MB had chanted slogans against the Jews, asking them to be banished from their land. Another main focus would also be the rights that minorities like Coptic Christians and women would gain after the drafting of the constitution. Adding to the turmoil is the ongoing victory of other Salafist party that are known for being ultra-conservative and very singular with their point of view. Interestingly, they were too conservative to such an extent that the posters carrying the names of their female candidates had pictures of flowers rather than the concerned candidate. Not very liberal, and a bit outspoken about their orthodox rules, Salafists have already declared they would organise different curriculum for girls and boys, restrict alcohol and censor arts and entertainment. Supporters of MB state that FJP would never form a coalition with the Salafists as they are more liberal, democratic and believe in pluralism.

‘Languishing revolutionaries’

No doubt, the natality and uprising has demanded a price, higher than money. The revolutionaries and youth groups that had started the entire spark are now, looming in their agony, flooded with financial barricades and lack of advertising. Yet, one can imagine that if they too, came in power, they could have caused a ‘squatter sovereignty’ rather than a ‘popular sovereignty’ which anyways is not realistic in the current liberal model that Egypt wants to hold. If the entire process of secularism is lost then what would be the fundamental basis of the ‘social contract’ that would function between the people and the government?

‘Idea of democracy’

Moreover, what happens in Egypt would not be just limited to its boundaries. Any effect would cause the most populous Arab country to produce a dominoes effect to its neighbours and international superpowers. That makes us this that a western, European and to a certain extent, colonial model of democracy the only saviour from dictatorships? Yes, we can not have the abstract sustenance of a ‘philosopher king’ in this respect of public administration, as it would eventually cause political mayhem. Also, just to believe that there are two sides to the uprising, one good and the other bad, stirs the idea of ‘manichaeism’ to a greater degree. Its not necessary that one needs to be with the Muslim Brotherhood or against it. There can be grey shades in the political practice that does not involve distinction. Though, nothing in life, administration, or governance is gained, till its not distinctively followed with a faith, irrespective of visible shortcomings that only cowardice notices.

Romanticized Revolutions: Fall of dictators, justice and Syrian diaspora

When Thomas Friedman questions in his article, ‘Will the past bury the future in Arab world or will the future bury the past?’, he seems to naturally tussle with ‘how to define the Arab spring’. Very often, such definitions, do not contain the power of romanticizing the revolution but on the contrary, assimilate them in hollow, abstract units that lose their utter meaning.

‘Difference between Gadaffi, Ben Ali and Mubarak?

In this post, I would attempt to question on certain areas which have yet not been debated, vehemently at the international platform. The first one, remains on how do you describe justice? Justice of the fall of the dictators. In Tunisia and Egypt, both Ben Ali and Mubarak, respectively had not been butchered or assassinated like Gadaffi was. These two dictators, who are still alive, have been toppled and are undergoing trials which do not mention a concrete day of their doomsday in their respective country’s Supreme Courts. Since, the revolution was against their dictatorship, as they has become a murky face of ruthless domination, is subjecting them to court proceedings is what the common man wants? So, should they too, be subjected to be slaughtered by their rebels? On the other hand, the termination of Gadaffi’s lonely breath, meant something greater for Libya. In case, it actually did, for how long and for what kind of utilitarian good? One man’s food is another man’s poison- a proverb coming to life in the Middle Eastern politics. But it still remains a vacuum that were these two fates, one of legislative justice and the other of barbarian justice- the only two fates for these dictators?

‘Real and taught revolution’

Secondly, turning to the difference between a real revolution and a transported revolution.. What happened in Tunisia, sparked the entire Arab uprising. In a real revolution, the citizens know the reason they have to fight for. While, in a transported revolution, they are taught the reason why they should fight for. Like an infectious disease, the wrath mushroomed, each having the loophole of ‘unknown destinations’. It is said, ‘If you do not know where you have to go, then any road will take you there.’. This abstract philosophy can be actually seen in Egypt where people are left wondering, that did they participate in just another military coup or was it a real remonstration. In the taught revolution, there is imitation, lack of leadership and fragmentation. Just because your neighbor did it, you too, should do it. Yes, there was socio-economic disparity, modernized slavery, absence of freedom and expression. But at the same time, at least, there was a representative parliament with its own decorum that knew its ways. Right now, nations fighting for drafting their constitution under the majority of Islamic parties will definitely rely on religion as their new form of domination. So, where is the independence and idea of secularism that needed?

‘Syria’s tomorrow’

Thirdly, what would happen, if Syria too, faces the same destiny as Tunisia, Egypt and Libya. The dictator dies or is ousted, the public still fights against the interim government, more bloodshed and lack of rational unity. Very interestingly, the Arab League has started imposing sanctions on Syria, in my personal opinion, more to shove off the foreign intervention rather than to actually weaken the opposition against Assad. How much would this show off work, depends on time. And so does, the outcome of whatever happens beyond that.

Obama’s Ghost: withering Middle East economy and ambiguity

When Barack Obama talks about how his entire life, he was just wrestling with the ghost of ‘The Old Man’ (his first father), the pertinent fact remains- even though, his father is dead now, he, himself has become the first Black American President, unfortunately, the psychological fight has not terminated. He still thinks, he still fights.

It is difficult, to know a man, of his caliber, mettle and intellect to play a diplomatic mission in the Middle East. Yes, America does not want another Afghanistan. Yes, America did not even reveal how Osama was slaughtered. But here, in Middle East, it needs to. His administration can not keep playing imposing sanctions on Syria, or have secret talks with General Tantawi in Egypt or just write a letter in the New York Times with Cameron and Sarkozy for Libya.

‘No straight point with the MB’

No matter, how much America does discredit the Muslim Brotherhood (MB) for being originated from Al-Qaeda- these two are totally different institutions. Its another fact that several symbiotic revolutionaries from the Muslim Brotherhood have eventually caused terrorism but the organisation does not focus on just massive butchery like Al-Qaeda does. It does not focus on how Islam is portrayed by the West but how the Arabs can flawlessly adhere to what it means for them. Now, with very visible criticism against America in Iraq, the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria, Egypt and Jordan have actually stated that they donot appreciate western capitalism. So, what does Obama gain by those secret influential talks? His own identity of being a Muslim and yet a Christian causes a certain strange equilibrium to adhere to. So, the safest bet, I think, it to let the legislative elections start today and at the same time, fear. Fear of what would happen to American foreign policy and trade if NDP or even the Freedom and Justice Party comes into the parliament with majority. Though, the NDP offshoots might cling to America, the others, will not.

‘Gadaffi: Gone with the wind’

In Libya, the US policy was far too diplomatic. Just like Saddam, they created Gadaffi and now they banished him on the world stage, with not even the ending scripts having the western superpower’s name. Intelligent trick. Hillary Clinton stated no boots on the ground, a decision which was followed. To what degree did it save the millions invested by the EU and France on the ‘No-Fly-Zone’ remains unaccountable. For that matter, how many lives were saved. It was the finest subtle victory.

‘Syrian economy: not breathing’

With Syria, sanctions are being imposed. Obama administration are re-evoking all the sanctions on the Central Bank, the trade, travel of Assad and his colleagues, etc. The ‘crisis economy’ would shrink again, this time, with 6%, this year. But then, Syria has Lebanon and Iraq to support. For how long, no one knows. But does the Obama administration really think that such diplomatic measures would not affect the common population? Its the common man out in the streets of Damascus facing the music. If the dominoes affect started, it would be him to be brutally assaulted by it. Not Assad, not Obama.

My entire fear is that, Obama, with the enormous respect he demands, is creating several new ‘Old Men’ for him. He is creating new ghosts to fight, new regrets and nascent unkept promises that would haunt him. For if, he was just another Capitalist, he would never have had the first life long wrestle, in the very first place.

P.S: It is a must read ‘Obama’s autobiography- Dreams from My Father’. Creates the similar frustation that Arvind Adiga did in ‘The White Tiger’

Why no one would win Egypt?

With the cries of ‘national salvation’ mushrooming in around 20,000 people, quite vehemently, at Tahrir Sqaure right now, it speaks that the Arab revolution has still not seen the termination. Unfortunately, as 28th November approaches quickly, the compulsive fact that Egypt would still not be won, stands audacious.

Amr Hamzawy, the liberal parliamentary candidate has stated that it is not the outcome that matters but the entire symbolism that the elections took place. Though, the elected parliament would be transitory but it does not undermine its influence in drafting the constitution of one of the most populous Arab countries that demands democracy and a representative parliament. Though, is it a safe bet then? To have people killed and injured for a mere disguise of victory for the opportunistic capitalism.

‘Muslim Brotherhood: the Bogeyman’

To start with, the Muslim Brotherhood with its Freedom and Justice Party has major chances of victory. One can see what happened in Tunisia. The main Islamist party ‘Ennahada’ won. But this fact has troubled several Republicans in US administration. Muslim Brotherhood, has always been witnessed as a bogeyman by America, like an embodiment of terror without actual mass and flesh. With Coptic Christians being killed in sectarian violence in Egypt, no doubt, Obama administration has been accused of doing exactly what is wrong in the entire Arab uprising. Though, Obama and Clinton are asking the Military council to loosen their grip over the protestors, they do not want to be seen publicly, as making decisions or even influencing the scenario. Or, for the matter, even blunt communication. The Egyptians will not like it. So, once again, America is in a lurch. What to support then? Their own vested interests in their foreign policy or their advertised support to democracy? They already dread that the Muslim brotherhood, often called as the Godfather of Al-Qaeda by Americans, would support their interests if elected?

‘Cracks in the  Military Council’

Now, every government, what so ever, has always witnessed a widening gap between the soldiers and the police. Though, the same happening in an interim government trying to crush down demonstrations is another interesting point. The Central Security Force, ie, the riot control police force has been always seen as low class and less intelligent when compared to the SCAF. (Supreme Council of Armed Forces).In fact, they have been summoned as ‘knuckle-draggers’. Adding to the mayhem, the riot police also holds a grudge against the SCAF as during the intitial January 25 revolutions, they were asked to winthdraw from Tahrir as they could not contain the uprising and hence, the soldiers were appointed. Now, SCAF plays a very intelligent role in the entire process. They do not publicly appear on the streets but they are secretly supplying equipments and vehicles to the riot control police. No doubt, they hold the ultimate executive powers in Egypt. Sadly, the military council is turning into nothing but a black box, with its own cracks appearing, slowly.

‘Fiasco of voters and parties’

Now turning to, who would come to vote? Around 20-30% of the voters would vote for  Muslim Brotherhood. The next 20% would vote for the elite Copt community while the rest of the 50% voters of the 50 million population are in the ‘cant say category’. And to vote for whom? Suddenly, there are tens of parties surfacing in the election scenario. Few strict Islamists, others liberal. Defection from Muslim Brotherhood, inter party conflicts for higher political hierarchy, aims and objectives-everything is a lot of information to gulp down in a  go. The youth who carried on the revolution has to face financial constraints of their own in marketing themselves into a legal party. Few of them, like the April 6 Movement and Coalition for Revolution Change have just become fading names, carrying  a symbiosis with established coalitions.

The slogans have changed. Rather than Mubarak, it is ‘Tantawi, go back’. Did Egyptians fight for what is currently happening? Well, the transition from military dictatorship  to  a civil government will never happen smoothly in the current world, but at what cost do we lose Egypt then?

P.S: Image from Palestine Chronicle.

Hunt of Colonel Gaadaffi Vs the tranisition of Libya by rebels

The invasion of Iraq in 2003 didnot signify arrest of Saddam Hussein which consequently took place after 8 months. Unfortunately, it looks the same for Colonel Gadaffi’s hunt, which might too turn into a protracted affair. But what ultimately matters is not the mere arrest of the strongman but the fact that what step would his loyalists take. Would they too join Al-Qaeda as Saddam Hussein’s supporters did or would they be ruled over by the rebels who have somehow gone quite eccentric with the sudden access of power.

Consensual and inclusive transition by the Libyan people looks difficult till the hunt for Colonel Gadaffi does not lead concrete results. Though, after the surrender of the military commanders, hundreds of political prisoners that were jailed in the prisons of the country have been set free. Also, UN has been urging the rebels to control the jeopardy that it being caused. Also, $1.5 billion frozen assets of Libya is set to be given to the National Transitional Council (NTC). NTC called as the ‘political face of the revolution’ has declared, ‘we are entering a phase which we would call the phase of managing expectations.’

‘Evidence of war crimes’

Another inspiring news is that now Amnesty International and Human Rights watch do have evidence for supporting that Colonel Gadaffi and his loyalists were involved in war crimes. Dr. Moez Zeiton from Manchester who has volunteered to play an integral part in serving the patients and documenting the war crimes stated that recently 17 more injured and dead bodies were bought to the hospital in Tripoli. One of the sole survivors, Mansur Al-Ahady, revealed how they were jailed by loyalists of Colonel Gadaffi in a nearby school and targeted with machine guns.

‘Rebels Vs Loyalists’

In the meantime, the loyalists of Gadaffi and the rebels have entered into another tussle. Steve from Kenya tweeted that black people are being targetted by rebels because they were supposedly considered to be a commuity that empathised with the dictator. While, the Al Arabiya TV states that the loyalists have already bombarded the airports. Fighting continues in Rass Al Jadeer, Regdalen, Aljamil and Alagelat in the West of Libya in between these two sides.

‘Role of NTC’

Another intriguing aspect is now who would lead Libya after Colonel Gadaffi is gone. To start with, the NTC itself is made from loose connection of different genres of rebels who have different demands. The current chairman Mustafa Abdul Jalil who was the former justice minister is considered to be the perfect choice. Jon Leyne from BBC states ‘NTC will have a few hundred million dollars in a matter of days to pay salaries, get food and water along with essential services.’ Though, we all know that power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. The rebels have started to move from Benghazi where the NTC came into establishment to Tripoli so that their stronghold can be maintained and also enhanced.

In Libya, there is foreign intervention but no ruling power. Also, like Tunisia and Egypt, there is no army that can play a very pivotal role in avoiding chaos or instilling the sense of discipline through fear or rules. No doubt, more than anything, the immediate and most enterprising challenge is to prevent the massive killings of Gadaffi loyalists by the hands of rebels so that the country does not continue to exist in bloodbath.

In a nutshell, no one knows if the civil war in Libya is over after the surrender of the dictatorship.

The future of Libya: Why Gadaffi’s surrender does not make a difference in Arab Uprising

‘ In spite of the fact that the Arab people themselves felt considerable enthusiasm for pan Arab causes, the individual regimes were never able to agree on what kind of unity they should strive for and what institutional structures it would be based on,’ says Roger Owen, the famous British historian who has written several books on the Middle Eastern causes.

Adding another chapter to the ambiguity of the lost unity comes the sudden absence of Colonel Gadaffi after 42 years or dictatorship, further defining how Arab world politics has become a ‘double edged sword.’ 

No doubt, the termination of Gadaffi and the stronghold of rebels in Tripoli comes as a major boost to Anglo French forces, NATO and western intervention. But the fact remains that is Libya getting converted into another Iraq?

Though, the rebel minister of Libya, Mahmoud Shammam, declared that the chief military commanders have surrendered their guns, it can be clearly stated that the country is in ruins.

Anthony Cordesman, the representative from the Center for Strategic and International Studies has stated that though the Gadaffi regime has witnessed an end, it would be difficult for Libya to flower into democracy any time soon.

No doubt, it was essential for the Libyan revolution to gain independence, especially after taking into consideration the number of martyrs that have been produced, the investment done by the western countries and the level of international news created in this time frame.

But in the larger context, the picture is still deluded.

‘Economic crisis’

To start with, the power of a nation, its strength to bounce after suffering a shattering collapse, heavily depends on its economic potential. The ongoing uprising in Libya has certainly degraded the oil exporting capacity of the African nation. Unfortunately, Libya no longer can produce 1.6 million barrels per day. Also, it depends on how much time and trust would the international oil companies demand to invest again in Libya taking into consideration the kind of security situation existing in the region.

Though, at the same time, the European market, which has suffered more because of Libyan oil not being present in feasible quantity, it would, if intelligent enough, make most of this dire situation for its benefit and work on ending the jeopardy.

‘Workable government’

Secondly, the definition of the ‘workable government’ which needs to be established in Libya is another herculean task. If Libya craves to be another reflection of Egypt where the trial of surrendered dictator Mubarak has itself become a massive controversy, this form of short term euphoria does not matter. A proper constitution set across with elective procedures would not occur in chaos. At the same time, one needs to register that these rebels come from different states and hence have various different mentalities. To start with, the rebels from Tripoli function differently from the rebels from Benghazi. Hence, the concept of ‘unity in diversity’ would be impractical to attain so soon.

‘Humanitarian crisis’

Thirdly, Libya is undergoing a massive humanitarian crisis. Moussa Ibrahim, the spokesperson from the Libyan government revealed that currently 5000 people have been injured and 1300 are dead. Hundreds of civilians are present in the hospital for treatment. There is a stupendous scarcity of blood and oxygen. In such conditions, it would be another spectacle for Libya to stand strongly for its growth and development.

‘International assistance’

Fourthly and most importantly, who will help in healing Libya? The main foundations are definitely Nato, UN, European Union, Arab League and the African Union. US has clearly stated that it would, if it does, play an essential role in humanitarian aid of the country rather than sending boots on the ground. Also, the continuous condition questions how much more finance can these countries invest in Libya again after the ‘no fly zone’ already costing millions per day.

In a nutshell, the termination of Gadaffi to unknown shores does not make much of a concrete difference in the capacity building of the country against the fight. Yes, the one common enemy has been defeated but the real fight does not end with the surrender of a dictator. Libya needs to give importance to political pluralism and individual rights of every citizen  who have fought for something they believed in. At the same time, the citizens should once again unite and delve on who the ‘enemy’ actually was.

Till then, the absence of Gadaffi does not make any difference to a sympathetic country in exile.

Colonel Gadaffi forces journalists to see a baby injured by NATO

The entire guild of foreign journalists were led to a hospital in Libya in a government organised tour, after the Sunday missile attack. In the first few frames, the journalists, all restless, pushing elbowing each other for better camera angles, were visible.

Slowly, the long shot reveals a small baby girl, unconscious on one of the ICU beds in Tripoli.  The journalists mushroom around her, clicking pictures. Few Libyans standing next to the bed shout ‘mother’, ‘mother’, as a lady covered in veil enters the room.

Suddenly, a man comes in, stating himself to be the uncle of the small girl Hanin. He says she had been injured by the NATO strike. He complains against the coalition forces and the bombing caused, in his native language.

As soon as this news is about to spread, a hospital employee writes a note to one of the journalists, secretly letting him know that the small girl Hanin was not injured by a missile attack but in a road accident.

‘What will journalists do?’

Caught in ‘parachute journalism’ and sea of manipulated evidences, its very difficult for journalists positioned in Libya, against all odds, to get to the crux of the reality which exists.

Its one of the most repulsive incidents executed by the Libyan government to delude the international audience. No doubt, the NATo air strikes are causing harm, indeed, they would. But the entire point of using an innocent child as a mere means to gain empathy/sympathy is completely shameful.

But my entire question is, what should journalists do in this case? They can be easily led to places/situations to provide information which might be entirely wrong.

This incident reminds me what my dissertation professor Anthony said ‘The more you will hear about Libya, the more you will feel you do not know about Libya.’

‘NATO’s limitations’

Meanwhile, NATO has started with the helicopter attacks in Libya from last Saturday. William Hague has clealy stated that the the mission in Libya might continue till December.

At the same time, media is literally filled up with incidents of ships trying to rescue the migrants but not being able to reach the destination. Indeed, its a matter of grave concern.

Credit: Photo from AP Photos

The Rise and Fall of Military in Middle Eastern and African Nations

 “No dictator, no invader, can hold an imprisoned population by force of arms forever. There is no greater power in the universe than the need for freedom. Against that power, governments and tyrants and armies cannot stand,’’ states J. Michael Straczynski, an American writer.

But over these years, the paradoxical trinity in between the army, government and the common people have caused impetuous revolutions in Africa.

‘A certain grasp of military affairs is vital for those in charge of general policy’ states Carl Von Clausewitz, one of the most renowned war theorists.

Though soon, he recognised that government leaders cannot be military experts and vice versa, hence reframing his theory to ‘the only sound expedient is to make the commander-in-chief a member of the cabinet.’

In fact, the continent is lined with this familiar attribution revealing the absence of good democratic governance, hence leading to inappropriate involvement of the military in the legislative dimensions.

‘Monopoly of Violence’

Sagaren Naidoo states that ‘In parts of Africa, the military, as an institution of the state that enjoys the ‘monopoly on violence’, lacks legitimacy as an agent of good and democratic governance.’

Starting from the post-colonial times, the military in Africa shifted from the political transgression of being ‘Western institutionalized paradigm’ to ruling the population because the civilian leadership proved to be dismal.

Also, the main task of military, which was to provide protection from foreign invasions by indulging into wars to protect the sovereignty of their own country changed to stabilizing organizational strength due to the collapse of governance. The effect of Cold war and the numerous military coups in African countries started deepening the crack, one after the other.

Though, several analysts defend the role of military and chose to put the blame of the weaker governance of any state, that manifests into the army being too ‘interventionist’.

Nicole Ball has also stated that it’s those countries that have very weak democratic system in Africa need the military. Thus, even if there are several protests and revolutions being witnessed in African continent against the military, one must remember that they form a concrete part of the ‘security sector governance.

 ‘The Egyptian saga’

The situation during the revolution against the Mubarak regime grew quite intriguing because the military in the country has been playing a very pivotal role in the governance.

Rainer Sollich, the head of the Deutsche Welle’s Arabic division states that ‘military has been there in Egypt during the important times of the history, especially during floods and scarcity of food.’

But even after Mubarak’s surrender and the army forming the interim government, the civilians are very disappointed by the imperceptive and heartless manner in which the governance is being carried out. The same military which refused to attack the protesters in spite of the curfew being imposed is becoming known for not giving access to activists in court proceedings, causing ‘virginity checks’ and hurling abuses at protesters at Tahrir Square now.

At the same time, smaller yet integral issues of employment, poverty, human rights are still being questioned.

Hence, the words of Sun Tzu seem meant for written for Egyptian history when he defines ‘The proximity of an army causes prices to go up; and high prices cause people’s substance to be drained away. When their substance is drained away, they will be afflicted by heavy exactions. With this loss of substance and exhaustion of strength, the homes of the people will be stripped bare, and their incomes dissipated.’

Another interesting point to make is ‘intrusion of western powers in the local politics of the government because they sponsor and aid the armies.’

For example, the security apparatus of Egypt is bankrolled by Washington. Hence, in the indirect ways, the military not only needs to answer to the pressures of their own government but also be ruled by the foreign forces.

Bosire Mosi states that ‘in the Tunisian and Egyptian revolutions, the military behaved democratically, refusing to be used as agents of death.’

‘Role of Libyan army’

There are 76,000 soldiers in the Libyan army, often being judged with suspicion after the Al-Fateh Revolution of October 1969.  Saïd Haddad calls the army as the ‘marginal players’ in Libya. Most of us don’t know that Libyans have to indulge into compulsory military services right from 1984.

With 8000 members in navy, 23000 troops in air force and 45 000 troops in military, the Libyan government boasts of the greatest military reservoirs in the world. But at the same time, the poor maintenance services, labour problems and lack of equipments have worsened the so-called military status of this north- African country.

Over the years, monitoring and internal repression have been the main foundations of the Libyan army. Also, there are several quasi-military and security bodies in Libya making it even more difficult for the rebels to gain a stronghold.

But at the same time, the defection of the army generals in the past days has started questioning the ‘concept of loyalty in the army’.

‘Eye of a storm in Zimbabwe’

Due to being a landlocked country, Zimbabwe does not have a navy. With an estimated strength of 29,000 soldiers, the military in the country is surely credited as the power behind the dictatorship of present President Robert Mugabe.

Though, very recently, the Army General had also criticized the demand of ousting Mugabe and rather chose to call him the ‘Father of the Nation’.

Jason Mayo while referring to why military’s place should be in the ‘barracks’ has quoted one of the representatives of the Movement for Democratic Change stating ‘The best place for our gallant sons and daughters who serve as soldiers is in military barracks not the boardroom of a civic national body’

Over the years, the governance in Zimbabwe has been linked with the military on the basis of patronage and liberation struggle.

In an interesting manner, the Defense Minister of Zimbabwe Emmerson Mnangagwa fought for the stand of military in civilian governance questioning “are they not citizens of this country? Where they get employment after they leave the army is not our business. If other people can be heads of parastatals, why can’t they?”

Further defending the presence of military rules in the government, he stated that they would “unequivocally uphold the Constitution and respect the rule of law in the lead-up to and following the elections or referendum.”

Though, in 2008, the Human Rights Watch had stated that there is a secretive body called Joint Operations Command which includes police and military commanders, causing immense violence after the elections.

Zimbabwe also grew up into one of the African countries known for ‘’ military coup by stealth.’’

The abuse of human rights by the military officials has become one of the main concerns in Zimbabwe. Tiseke Kasambala,senior researcher in Africa Division of Human Rights states to the Times that ‘A lot of them have dirty hands. They’ve enriched themselves and want to hang on to what they have and avoid charges of corruption.’

‘South African Army’

Article 200 of 1996 South African Constitution states that ‘The primary object of the defence force is to defend and protect the Republic, its territorial integrity and its people in accordance with the Constitution and the principles of international law regulating the use of force.’

One of the reasons why the study of army in South Africa is interesting is because the country’s progress from being a ‘pariah state’ to a ‘peace maker.’

Unlike other countries, the military in South African cannot adopt a brutal interface because of the country’s international image portrayal dealing with peace-keeping.

Also, the military underwent several revamps, especially due to the change of the political governance. To start with, under Nelson Mandela, the military was operated under the structural changes and reconciliation patters.

Less spending on the army and competitive defense were the two main areas. It was said that under Mandela, the efficiency of the military was given more importance than the effectiveness of it. As times changed, under Thabo Mbeki, profound importance was given to military but till then, the army started suffering from several ailments such as HIV Aids infection, high ratio of general to troops, increase in the aging soldiers number and more wear and tear.

When current President Jacob Zuma came in, the military structure started deteriorating in a new and different manner.

‘The future of army in Africa’

Hence, it’s completely clear that the usage of army depends on the government and vice versa. Both these foundations are inter-related in most of the African countries and they need to develop taking into consideration that they are dealing with civilians with human rights, freedom of speech and expression and above all, longevity.

The odious manner in which in some areas, military tends to subjugate while in other, the military cannot do anything because of the low infrastructure, does not make much of the difference in promising the greater good.

Hence, the military in African and Middle Eastern nations should start being a voice of the population they define rather than dominating them.